Repetition is not corroboration

What common attribution phrases signal about where a fact came from, and what published newsroom codes in the US, UK and Germany say about using them.

How the Berne Convention, the EU, the UK, the US and Canada let news outlets reuse others' work for reporting, and the acknowledgement each one requires.

How Australia's code, Canada's Online News Act and France's related-rights regime push platforms to pay news publishers, with dates and amounts.

What the IPTC Credit Line, Source, Creator and Copyright Notice fields record, how they differ, and what US and UK law says about removing them.

How Article 15 of the EU copyright directive gives publishers a two-year right over online uses, and how France and Germany apply it.

How the big news agencies are owned and governed, how members and clients reuse agency copy, and what published rules say about crediting it.

How one source can look like many, what newsroom guides and US intelligence reviews say about it, and the checks that published standards set out.

Where criminal law still requires two independent sources of evidence, from Scotland's general rule to perjury and treason, and where it was abolished.

A step-by-step method for following a claim upstream through credits, agency copy, documents and file provenance, based on published rules.

How US Intelligence Community Directives 203 and 206 require analysts to cite, describe and weigh their sources, and what official reviews found.

What seven press codes, from the UK to South Africa and Kenya, say about verifying facts, rumours, anonymous sources and corrections.

What published newsroom codes say about confirming facts with two independent sources, when one source is allowed, and how unconfirmed claims are treated.

How UK police guidance, the Europol Regulation and US intelligence directives grade a source and its information apart, and where corroboration fits.

Official definitions of sourcing, corroboration and provenance terms from intelligence directives, EU law, C2PA, IPTC, ICMJE, COPE and Cochrane.

What the EU AI Act, China's 2025 rules and California's AI Transparency Act require for marking AI-generated content, with dates and penalties.

How the C2PA standard attaches signed provenance records to images, video and other files, what those records prove, and what they do not.

How ICMJE, WHO, US and EU rules make trials record their plans and results in public registries, with the deadlines, data items and registries that count.

What the ICMJE Recommendations say about duplicate and secondary publication, preprints and registry results, and why it matters for evidence.

How the Cochrane Handbook, PRISMA 2020 and ICMJE rules stop one study from being counted as several, and the criteria used to link reports.

What COPE, ICMJE and US research misconduct rules say about corrections, retractions and expressions of concern, and how to check a paper's status.